Strata Adaptation-Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is a wireless system that distributes tiny sensors with constrained energy, memory, and bandwidth at varying water depths for a range of monitoring tasks, including acquiring data, environmental monitoring, and surveillance. This research tackles the issues of excessive energy consumption and end-to-end latency in UWSN transmission brought on by changes in the underwater environment's depth and turbidity. Current routing techniques, including the Neighboring-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol (NBEER) for UWSN, strive to implement a routing protocol underwater to handle energy constraints, but fall short in addressing variables like dynamic depth and turbidity that negatively impact network performance as a whole. This led to the development of the strata adaptation-based energy efficient routing protocol (SABEERP) for UWSN. The SABEERP utilized a strata adaptation scheme for intra- and inter-cluster communication and a distributed underwater clustering scheme (DUCS) for cluster formation, the proposed SABEERP re-clusters the displaced nodes to the closest cluster head (CH) following changes in the underwater environment's depth or turbidity.  SABEERP was simulated using MATLAB (R2023b). The simulation result shows that the SABEERP achieved 9.68 TEC, 46.42 E2ED, and 35191 NPR outperforming the NBEER with 12.60 TEC, 53.00 E2ED, and 22500 NPR respectively. These findings show significant enhancements in overall performance, energy efficiency, and network reliability.